Maxims of Ptahhotep

The Maxims of Ptahhotep, attributed to the vizier Ptahhotep who served under Pharaoh Djedkare Isesi of the Fifth Dynasty, is one of the oldest and most complete works of Egyptian wisdom literature. The text is framed as a dialogue in which an aged vizier requests the pharaoh's permission to appoint a successor and to transmit to him the wisdom he has accumulated. The pharaoh assents, and Ptahhotep delivers thirty-seven maxims covering proper conduct in every sphere of life. He instructs his son to listen attentively rather than speak rashly, for the truly wise man is one who hears and obeys. A man who reaches high office should not be arrogant or forgetful of his origins: the one who was nothing yesterday may be great today, but pride destroys what fortune builds. Ptahhotep advises on conduct at table in the house of a greater man — do not stare, eat only what you are given, and speak only when addressed. He discusses how to treat a wife with care and generosity, how to handle an unjust superior (with patience), how to conduct trade, and how to value silence over empty speech. The closing sections address the relationship between a son and his father, arguing that the obedient son who follows his father's teaching will prosper, while the rebellious son is cursed.